English Wikipedia. Satsuma Rebellion The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. The samurai didn't hesitate to answer this questio. Satsuma Rebellion. The Imperial Artillery consisted of 18 batteries divided into 9 battalions, with 120 men per battery during peacetime. Determined not to let the rebels escape again, Yamagata sent in a large force which outnumbered the Satsuma army 7:1. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saig and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized Shiroyama, overlooking the city. Szczepanski, Kallie. The following day, Hayashi declared to Oyama that he could not permit Kawamura to go ashore when the situation was so unsettled, and that the attack on Takao constituted an act of lse-majest. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." Officially, the Meiji Emperor's government had authority over those facilities after 1871, but Satsuma officials actually retained control of them. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. Contemporary illustrations show the cavalry armed with lances. The work is generally accurate and has much of . Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded. Satsuma Rebellion The first test of the young Meiji government came with the revolt of the powerful Satsuma clan based in the southern region of the island of Kyushu. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. Monumenta Nipponica. The samurai were armed with traditional weapons including katanas, naginata and yari polearms, yumi bows, and Sengoku era gunpowder weapons such as tanegashima, baj-zutsu, and wooden cannons. However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle", This page was last edited on 11 November 2022, at 04:04. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. 2 Army, Colt M1861 Navy, and the Russian Model 1857 Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute. Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai.[7]. One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. History of the Western Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania, Commonly Called the Whiskey Insurrection. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. Saig Takamori Gunmusho () banknote, issued in 1877 to finance his war effort. Monumenta Nipponica In July, the Emperor's army encircled Saigo's men, but the Satsuma army fought its way free with heavy casualties. [9] On 22 February 1889, Emperor Meiji pardoned Saig posthumously. The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. Few would return. In the Emperor's capital, politics had changed significantly during Saigo's exile. [10] Statues in Ueno Park, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Castle stand in his memory. The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. OutOfFighters 3 yr. ago. By August 17, the Satsuma army had been reduced to 3000 combatants, and had lost most of its modern firearms and all of its artillery. Imperial reinforcements eventually forced their way through the rebel lines at the Battle of Tabaruzaka, lifting the siege. The conflict effectively ended the samurai class and ushered in modern warfare fought by conscript soldiers instead of military nobles. Illustration of the Navy Landing at Sukuchi Village (battle of Tabaruzaka Hill), Kagoshima Shinbun: Illustration of the Battle of Yamagaguchi, March 1877. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. Small-scale rebellions broke out around Japan, and the shogun's troops proved shockingly unable to put down the uprisings. With that, Saigo threw his support behind those organizing for a rebellion. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. [11], Modern weapons that were used by the Imperial Army include the Smith and Wesson Model 3, Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, Winchester Model 1873, Enfield Pattern 1853, Mauser Model 1871, as well as the Gatling and Armstrong guns. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. By . Three years later, he began work in the local bureaucracy as an agricultural adviser, where he continued to work through his brief, childless arranged marriage to 23-year-old Ijuin Suga in 1852. Forty-six other military officers from the southwest resigned as well, and government officials feared that Saigo would lead a coup. The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saig in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Support for Saig was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876. Request Permissions. Saig also started an artillery school. However, most of the garrison was from Kysh, while a significant number of officers were natives of Kagoshima; their loyalties were open to question. In the 7th century, Japan took a . In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. . While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . The members of his retinue carried in cotton bags the swords they were no longer allowed to wear; and when, at the end of his journey, the gates of the yashiki at Kagoshima closed upon his palanquin, he may have realized that he had passed for ever out of the political life in which he had at one time played so conspicuous a role. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. His father, Saigo Kichibei, was a low-ranking samurai tax official who only managed to scrape by despite his samurai status. During 1867, Saigo and officials from Choshu and Tosa made plans to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu. Blog. He went to the Emperor's court in Kyoto in March and was amazed to meet samurai from other domains who treated him with reverence for his defense of Gessho. Meanwhile, the Joseon Dynasty in Korea refused to recognize the Mutsuhito as an emperor, because it traditionally recognized only the Chinese emperor as suchall other rulers were mere kings. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. Saigo soon noted that he had "fallen into their trap and taken the bait" of settling into a siege. On the third day of battle, the artillery division from Tsu domain defected to Saigo's side and began to shell the shogun's army instead. 25,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venture out to face Saigo's army. Saig was initially confident of his ability to take Kumamoto Castle, but he had underestimated the effectiveness of the imperial conscripts defending the castle. In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. When the offensive was resumed, Saigo retreated to Miyazaki, leaving behind numerous pockets of samurai in the hills to conduct guerilla attacks. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. The second crisis, the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877, was even . However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. Ten years passed after the Restoration, and during that time order was gradually restored within the country. On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. They saw Japan as the abode of godssince the Emperor descended from the Sun Goddessand believed that the heavens would protect them from the western military and economic might. Over the next two years, the government seized land from the elite samurai and redistributed profits to lower ranked warriors. In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo and testing the new imperial army. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, . The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial army's Gatling guns, and were shot down. Later woodcut prints depicted the rebel leader kneeling to commit traditional seppuku, but that would not have been possible given his filariasis and shattered leg. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. Japan Currency Museum. Saig's death brought the Satsuma Rebellion to an end. The shogun's men were still hunting him, so Saigo went into a three-year internal exile on the small island of Amami Oshima. The imperial governments conscript levies were hard-pressed to defeat Saig, but in the end superior transport, modern communications, and better weapons assured victory for the government. Tabaruzaka was held by some 15,000 samurai from Satsuma, Kumamoto and Hitoyoshi against the Imperial Army's 9th Infantry Brigade (some 9,000 men). Although all of the rebels were killed, the imperial troops managed to locate Saigo's buried head. The rebellion also effectively ended the samurai class, as the new Imperial Japanese Army built on heimin conscripts had proven itself in battle. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Saigo Takamori of Japan is known as the Last Samurai, who lived from 1828 to 1877 and is remembered to this day as the epitome of bushido, the samurai code. After months of fighting the Satsuma forces had dwindled to approx 400 . In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. Satsuma rebeliion.svg 703 965; 1.09 MB. Armed uprisings erupted successively in the Chugoku Region (western Honshu) and Kyushu, with the protagonists arguing for going through with the conquest of Korea and restoring samurai privileges. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. Founded by a saint named "Birbhan" in 1657 in Narnaul in Haryana. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. Shiba was in the Imperial Army at the time. Later this would turn out to be a pivotal decision since Choshu was Satsuma's major ally in the Boshin War. He also married a local woman namedAigana and fathered a son. Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. Meanwhile, however, a crisis was developing in the government itself. Unable to overcome the affection that the people had for this paragon of traditional samurai virtues, the Meiji-era government pardoned him posthumously on February 22, 1889. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The five government warships in Kagoshima harbor added their firepower to Yamagata's artillery, and began to systematically reduce the rebel positions. Shortly thereafter, Saigo was promoted to the post of daimyo's attendant in 1854 and accompanied his lord to Edo on alternate attendance, taking a 900-mile-long walk to the shogun's capital, where the young man would work as his lord's gardener, unofficial spy, and confident. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. [9], A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of Saig Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto".[10]. The main Imperial Army, under General Kuroda Kiyotaka with the assistance of General Yamakawa Hiroshi arrived in Kumamoto on April 12, putting the now heavily outnumbered Satsuma forces to flight. A primary source of its causes and events. He hoped to raise the samurai of other domains along the way. Feb. 15, 2023. With an army in place, the Meiji government summoned the remaining daimyo to Tokyo in mid-July, 1871 and abruptly announced that the domains were dissolved and the lords' authorities abolished. Since the OP might be interested, here are the pages from the above reading on the Satsuma Rebellion and its aftermath. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at the gates of his castle. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Those men were motivated by growing domestic problems and by the threat of foreign encroachment. On January 3, 1868, the Boshin War began with Saigo's army of 5,000 marching forward to attack the shogun's army, numbering three times as many men. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Not long after the wedding, both of Saigo's parents died, leaving Saigo as the head of a family of twelve with little income to support them. This was the end of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. They resisted the Imperial forces until they were destroyed to the last man. The Battle of Shiroyama ( Shiroyama no tatakai) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. They were armed with breech-loading Snider rifles and could fire approximately six rounds per minute. Satsuma Rebellion. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 84. In 1873, the central government began to conscript commoners as soldiers, replacing the samurai. Ravina, Mark. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. country. The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877: Letters of John Capen Hubbard E. Nock Published 1 August 1948 History The Far Eastern Quarterly One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. Each entry is based on a primary source we analysed ; We used a website to compile the entries because it's easier to navigate with; HERE is the link to the primary documents/analysis In the about page there will be a video on the Satsuma Rebellion and a brief paragraph describing what was going on in the rebellion Then we have Luke's entry. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. The Satsuma samurai were initially organized into six battalions of 2,000 men each. [citation needed]. The new conscript levies initially struggled to defeat Saig, and the government found it necessary to enlist former. The Satsuma Rebellion was the last civil war in Japan, occurring in the tenth year of the Meiji era (1877), when the Satsuma rebel forces centering on Saig Takamori of Kagoshima collided with the regular army of the new Meiji government not long after it had formed. The head was somehow retrieved by government forces and was reunited with Saig's body, which was laid next to that of his deputies Kirino and Murata. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. Modern weapons were also used such as the Smith & Wesson Model No. Ever since his retirement from office, and his withdrawal to his native province in 1873, the elder Saigo had remained in Kagoshima, the chief town of Satsuma. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. The Meiji Era controlled most of Japan, except for a small area in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. Vol. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. They retreated once more to Mount Shiroyama, which stands above the city of Kagoshima, where the rebellion began seven months earlier. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). Satsuma Rebellion. Faced with 21,000 imperial army troops, the majority of the rebels ended up committing seppuku (surrendering by suicide). The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from 13,700,000 to 10,250,000, and it raised Japan's national debt from 28,000,000 to 70,000,000. Sophia University was established in Tokyo in 1913 by the Society of Jesus. Attempts at Constitutional Government > Satsuma Rebellion. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. Several samurai, upon seeing him in this state, would have severed his head, assisting him in the warrior's suicide that they knew he would have wished. 1 reference. Historian Ivan Morris described him as "the quintessential hero of modern Japanese history". Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. 1868-1912 -- Sources. On the same day, Saig met with his lieutenants Kirino Toshiaki and Shinohara Kunimoto and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. Along with troops from Aizu, Saigo's massive army marched on Choshu, where he negotiated a peaceful settlement rather than launching an attack. This document is the report by OYAMA Iwao, who led the attack on SAIGO's army at Shiroyama. As commander of Satsuma's troops, Saigo led an 1864 punitive expedition against the Choshu domain, whose army in Kyoto had opened fire on the Emperor's residence. At the height of the battle, Saig wrote a private letter to Prince Arisugawa, restating his reasons for going to Tokyo. A gripping graphic novel describing the uprising of 1887, when. 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