They handle the hose on top of a 50 foot ladder with a pressure of water that makes it difficult to control even on terra firma. Career firefighters were also categorized as working for either >24 consecutive hours at a time or working <24 consecutive hours at a time. Older age at pregnancy is an established risk factor for miscarriage [33], so among older women, shift work may not meaningfully influence risk given other strong risk factors. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. Our age-standardized prevalence ratios should be interpreted with caution due to several limitations. Emergency services staff often put their own lives in danger in the line of duty and any sort of attack is absolutely disgusting., National Fire Chiefs Council Limited, West Midlands Fire Service Headquarters, 99 Vauxhall Road, Birmingham, B7 4HWRegistered in England as a Limited Company: No 3677186Registered in England as a Charity: No: 1074071VAT Registration No: GB902195446, West Midlands Fire Service Headquarters, 99 Vauxhall Road, Birmingham, B7 4HWRegistered in England as a Limited Company: No 3677186Registered in England as a Charity: No: 1074071VAT Registration No: GB902195446. She started her career in fire in the late 1980s, when women were few and far between. According to the report, she earned $29.5 million in 2021. Systematic review and meta-analysis of miscarriage and maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. Women in firefighting seems a good place to start. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? Nynas J, Narang P, Kolikonda MK, Lippmann S. Depression and Anxiety Following Early Pregnancy Loss: Recommendations for Primary Care Providers. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. We adjusted for age at pregnancy (Model 1), because age at pregnancy has been reported to be a significant risk factor for risk of miscarriage and many other reproductive outcomes [29,30,31,32]. In GEE models we adjusted for age at pregnancy, gravidity, education, BMI, and smoking because they were previously associated with increased risk for miscarriage [26,27,28,29] and they were a priori hypothesized to be associated with occupational factors. Though we would expect medically assessed miscarriages to be more conservative than self-report, the California study might have oversampled women with increased risk of miscarriages since participants were enrolled from those scheduling their first prenatal appointment between gestational weeks 6 and 13, and this potential oversampling may have attenuated an association towards the null. Of the total number of firefighters 364,300 (35%) were career firefighters and 676,900 (65%) were volunteer firefighters. For years it was like Hey guys and gal, but that distinction is slowly dying. The purpose of the registry is to create a national database for use by the fire protection and prevention communities, allied professions, the general public and the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA). 2016: The direct dollar loss includes the Gatlinburg, Tennessee, wildfires with an estimated property loss of $911,000,000. 2014;124(1):99110. A total of 98 fire service women are known to have died in the line of duty, including 23 British firewomen killed by enemy action in World War II. Forcier moved into a fire-only position four years later. Molly Williamswas the first known woman firefighter, an African-American woman held as a slave who worked on Oceanus Engine Company #11 in New York City in 1818. Compared to a cohort of US nurses [19], the age-at-pregnancy standardized prevalence of miscarriage, hereafter referred to as age-standardized prevalence, among firefighters in our study was 2.33 times greater (95% CI 1.96, 2.75) (Table2). The median annual wage for firefighters was $50,700 in May 2021. While numbers of volunteer firefighters are, as noted above, difficult to obtain, there are certainly more than 150 female volunteer fire chiefs active in the U.S. at any given time. 2007;356(12):120715. 2018;157:45762. We do know that the first woman to head a career fire department, Chief Rosemary Bliss in Tiburon, California, retired in 2002 after nine years as fire chief. Until she retired in June, Shawna Legarza was the Director of Fire and Aviation Management, one of the top jobs in the U.S. Forest Service. 2018;100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.1007.1003. What Issues Do Female Firefighters Currently Face? When investigating occupational factors among firefighters, we observed that volunteer firefighters had a greater risk of self-reported miscarriage compared to career firefighters and that the strength of this association varied by wildland firefighter status. Occupational factors and miscarriages in the US fire service: a cross-sectional analysis of women firefighters, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00800-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.1007.1003, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. There was a fire, and she was the only one well enough to go. Molly Williams was an African American slave who often accompanied her owner, Benjamin Aymar, to the Oceanus Engine Company, in Lower Manhattan, where he was a volunteer firefighter. While wildland firefighters respond exclusively to wildfires, WUI firefighters are generally those who may respond to wildfires, WUI fires, and structural fires during their service. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Maternal exposures to certain PFAS (perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and PFAS mixtures) have been associated with increased risk of miscarriage [13, 45]. When Bequi Livingston, one of the first female hotshots, founded the program in 2012, women made up only five percent of the force. Whether or not volunteer firefighters received any monetary compensation or health coverage through their work as volunteer firefighters was assumed to vary but was not measured in this study. Article 1999;341(4):27983. Superintendent Webb, of the Metropolitan Brigades, remarked, the local Amazons are a clever, plucky brigade of girls.8, On a contemporary note, the Country Fire Authority Brigade in Victoria, Australia, is the first all-Indigenous, all-female fire brigade, and is the backbone of the remote Lake Tyers Aboriginal Trust, a self-governing Aboriginal community in the state's far east.9, 1 Brushlinsky N, Ahrens M, Sokolov S, Wagner P. "World Fire Statistics." You need a Statista Account for unlimited access. The fetal life table revisited: spontaneous abortion rates in three Kaiser Permanente cohorts. The findings from our study provide further evidence suggesting that there may be a greater risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes among some groups of women firefighters and preliminary evidence that firefighters may have an increased risk of experiencing a pregnancy that results in miscarriage. This report provides an overview of local and municipal fire departments in the United States. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Among career firefighters who were<35years old at pregnancy (n=1217 pregnancies), having a shift schedule of >24h was associated with a reduced risk of miscarriage (RR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.550.99) compared to shift schedules of <24h (Table 3). Evarts B, Stein G. U.S. Fire Department Profile 2018. Jahnke SA, Poston WSC, Jitnarin N, Haddock CK. Compared to a study of US nurses, firefighters had 2.33 times greater age-standardized prevalence of miscarriage (95% CI 1.962.75). Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. Behavioral Health Professionals Directory, Sexual harassment and other hostile behavior based on gender, Skepticism about womens competence as firefighters, Emotional attachment to an all-male work environment, Uncertainty over behavioral expectations in a mixed-gender workforce, Perceived threat to self-image (i.e., being a firefighter does not bolster ones manhood if women can do it), Distrust of womens motivation for becoming firefighter, Fire stations built to accommodate only one sex in sleeping, bathing, restroom and changing facilities, Inadequate policies regarding firefighter pregnancy and reproductive safety, and inadequate information about the risks of firefighting to pregnancy, Hair and grooming policies based on mens styles and needs, Protective gear and uniforms designed to fit men, not women, Lack of child-care options for workers on 24-hour shifts, Women may not believe they can be competent firefighters, Women may not have the support of their spouse/partner in pursuing a fire service career, Perceived conflict between a womans self-image as a woman and her work as a firefighter, Discomfort with the pioneer role (i.e., many women who would like to be firefighters dont want to be the first women on the job or the only woman in their firehouse), Distrust of the fire departments motivation for hiring women and what level of real support will be provided in the long run, Lack of public support for womens presence in the fire service, based on a general perception that women can not do the job and are just being hired because of affirmative action, Physically demanding and dangerous occupation, High level of stress due to exposure to trauma and tragedy, Work schedule requiring nights and weekends away from home, Sleep deprivation due to work schedule and stress. We evaluated if associations varied by age at pregnancy or employment. light duty roles) taken during these pregnancies which could have exaggerated the association we observed between employment status and risk of miscarriage, because volunteer firefighters may be less likely to be able to work light duty roles than career firefighters. All data were self-reported and collected via the 2017 survey. Adverse respiratory effects following overhaul in firefighters. A mans world? Primarily based on data collected through the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS), our reports address the nature and relevance of the specific fire or fire-related problem, highlight important findings, and suggest other resources to consider for further information. These occupational exposures are also assumed to vary between career firefighters and volunteers as well as between wildland or wildland-urban-interface (WUI, the transitional zone between unoccupied land and human development- an area where a built environment meets or intermingles with a natural/undeveloped environment) firefighters and structural firefighters. In 2001, NHSII assessed self-reported most recent pregnancies between 1993 and 2000 of women nurses and included pregnancies that resulted in either a self-reported miscarriage or a livebirth in their analysis. Jung, A.M., Jahnke, S.A., Dennis, L.K. Well, because I like it and cant let that one percent impact the job I like.. We also calculated aSPRs of miscarriage among most recent pregnancies that resulted in miscarriage, still birth, or livebirth compared to a cohort of California women in a prepaid health plan [20], as it was used as a comparison population in previously published research on firefighter health, where it was selected from among a limited number of US-based studies available at the time and examined age-stratified miscarriage risk among women assumed to be representative of the general population [7]. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. Occupational exposures among nurses and risk of spontaneous abortion. Consistent with previous research, our study provides further evidence that adverse reproductive outcomes may be elevated among firefighters compared to non-firefighters, and preliminary evidence that miscarriage risk may vary within the fire service. Because local taxes represent a large source of department revenue, volunteer departments may have less funding that can be allocated to the purchase of new technologies and upgraded equipment meant to prevent or minimize firefighter occupational exposures. Epidemiol Perspect Innov. Age-at-pregnancy standardized prevalence ratios (aSPRs), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using published indirect age-standardization methods and rates taken directly from two previously published analyses of US non-firefighters for comparison [19, 20]. Our study also highlights future research opportunities to investigate the influence of additional firefighter occupational risk factors and mechanisms. 2001;43(5):46773. Williams cleaned and cooked and, on the noted occasion, she was tending to the men of Oceanus 11, whod been stricken by an unusually virulent flu. This is the first time since 2009 that the percentage increase has not been due to a decrease in the number of male firefighters (often due to retirement or finding other work). Most firefighters in the US are volunteers, but firefighters employed in all-career or mostly-career fire departments typically respond to higher annual call volumes [1], therefore, volunteer firefighters are assumed to have fewer occupational exposures and lower risk of occupational diseases. This spreadsheet contains links to older topical reports that we have archived off our website. Currently, you are using a shared account. This potential bias may have a stronger effect on the association observed between employment (volunteer vs career) and risk of miscarriage in our study. 21 Female CEO Statistics To Celebrate Women Leaders - Soocial Women CEOs from S&P 500 companies were paid a median of around $15.8 million in 2021, around a 26.4% increase from the previous year. 2000;320(7251):170812. Overall statistics on line-of-duty firefighter fatalities, including non-incident-related deaths. 3 Guardians of the City: Lillie Hitchcock Colt. San Francisco Fire Department Museum. One line passed full buckets of water to the tubs and the other line returned the empty buckets. She and her team clean and catalogue rappel equipment after each use at the Price Valley Rappel Base in New Meadows, Idaho. Representing 6.91% of Firefighters, Black (Non-Hispanic) is the second most common race or ethnicity in this occupation. PLoS One. However, this study did not emphasize reproductive health topics during enrollment promotion, so we expect differential participation to be minimal. We calculated aSPRs of miscarriage during most recent pregnancy (that resulted in miscarriage or livebirth) compared to a cohort of nurses enrolled in the Nurses Health Study II (NHSII) [19]. According to the National Forest Foundation, the first time women fought wildfires was around 1915, when wives of Forest Service rangers helped their husbands battle blazes in the Mendocino National Forest in California. Although trending downward since the early 1980's, heating fires remained the second leading cause of residential building fires. Details about the study recruitment and methodology have been reported previously [14]. Occupational factors and miscarriages in the US fire service: a cross-sectional analysis of women firefighters. Our study is also a novel investigation of reproductive health outcomes among volunteers and wildland or WUI firefighters, subgroups in the fire service that are often underrepresented in firefighter research. We also considered potential effect modification between employment status and wildland firefighter status on the risk of miscarriage due to the substantial overlap of employment and wildland firefighter designations in the fire service and because exposures that may influence risk of miscarriage potentially vary between wildfires and structural fires [1, 37, 38]. Responding to fires across the country, from the Florida lowlands to the high desert of Utah and the mountains of Washington, gave Krantz a feeling of purpose and community. 2011: The direct dollar loss includes the Bastrop County, Texas Complex Wildfire with an estimated property loss of $400,000,000. Privacy Stanley IH, Hom MA, Gai AR, Joiner TE. She heard language she was still getting used to: Were digging hot line! I need you to swamp for me! Were planning a burn out!. All study participants provided informed and written consent. BMJ Open. Can we bring a species back from the brink? There were 29,452 fire departments in the United States in 2020. Age at pregnancy was modeled as age at pregnancy and age at pregnancy squared because the association between maternal age at pregnancy and miscarriage has been reported to follow a J-shaped curve, with a steep increase in risk of miscarriage after 35years of age in several studies [30, 33]. Firefighter Kelly Lewis monitors the progression of a controlled burn in March as part of the Prescribed Fire Training Center program. Volunteer firefighters are generally considered part-time firefighters, who may serve as on-call or volunteer responders. In our analysis of fire service pregnancies, we observed a greater risk of miscarriage in volunteer firefighters compared to career firefighters. 11 as an unofficial member of the team. The origin web server does not have a valid SSL certificate. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 2022, National Fire Codes Subscription Service, The value of Standards Development Organizations, Alternative Fuel Vehicles Safety Training, Reducing Wildfire Risk to People and Property, State-approved NEC and NFPA 70E electrical online training, Certification for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, Safety in living and entertainment spaces, Review of Impact of Medications on Older Adult Fall and Fire Risk, Homes fires with ten or more fatalities table, Deadliest fires and explosions by property class table, Deadliest single building or complex fires and explosions in the U.S. table, Deadliest fires and explosions in U.S. history table, Deadliest fires or explosions in the world table, Deadliest fires in retail properties since 1970, Environmental Impact of Fires in the Built Environment, Home Fires That Began with Upholstered Furniture, Home fires involving clothes dryers and washing machines, Physical disability as a factor in home fire deaths, A Review of Dynamic Directional Exit Signage: Challenges and Perspectives, Digitized Fuel Load Survey Methodology Using Machine Vision, High Rise Buildings with Combustible Exterior Wall Assemblies: Fire Risk Assessment Tool, Modern Vehicle Hazards in Parking Garages & Vehicle Carriers, Railing Height, Design and Criteria Review, Fire in Industrial or Manufacturing Properties, Structure Fires in Eating and Drinking Establishments, US school fires, grades K-12, with 10 or more deaths, Structure Fires in Dormitories, Fraternities, Sororities and Barracks, Structure Fires in Residential Board and Care Facilities, Structure Fires in Stores and Other Mercantile Properties, U.S. Wildland firefighters and suicide risk: examining the role of social disconnectedness. Use Ask Statista Research Service. More about International Womens Day 2021 is available at https://www.internationalwomensday.com/2021Theme, Once destined to fade, a book and paramedic bring it back to life, IAED 2023 | Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions, https://www.ctif.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/CTIF_Report25.pdf, https://guardiansofthecity.org/sffd/people/coit.html, https://www.newspapers.com/image/584844901/?terms=%22female%2Bfire%2Bbrigade%22, https://www.newspapers.com/image/348870674/?terms=%22women%2Bfirefighters%22, https://www.newspapers.com/image/668093967/?terms=%22female%2Bfire%2Bbrigade%22, http://womeninfirefighting.blogspot.com/p/the-amazons-c1901-1903.html, https://www.nowtolove.com.au/news/local-news/indigenous-all-female-fire-crew-australia-62022, https://www.internationalwomensday.com/2021Theme. She retired from Arlington County in late 1999, at the rank of battalion chief. Firefighters may respond to 1) wildland fires exclusively (wildland firefighters), 2) wildland fires and fires of human structures and infrastructure (WUI firefighters), or 3) fires of human structures and infrastructure exclusively (structural firefighters). Lee DJ, Koru-Sengul T, Hernandez MN, Caban-Martinez AJ, McClure LA, Mackinnon JA, et al. There were 29,452 fire departments in the United States in 2020. As discussed above, our comparisons to the study of California women may be limited by significant differences in the data sources, study design, and the women enrolled. Unauthorized use is prohibited. The SSL certificate presented by the server did not pass validation. Ann Occup Environ Med. Stocker LJ, Macklon NS, Cheong YC, Bewley SJ. This is relevant considering that prenatal psychological distress has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage [48]. Here, Krantz, left, and another crew member rappel to the ground from a helicopter during a proficiency rappel. The main obstacles to womens full participation in firefighting can be summarized as follows: Structure Fires in Religious and Funeral Properties, Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings, Phase 2: Tasks 2 & 3 Development and Implementation of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Compartment Fire Tests, Phase 2: Task 4 Engineering Analysis and Computer Simulations, Phase 2: Task 5 Experimental Study of Delamination of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in Fire, Chimney Top Devices in International Codes, Impact of Chimney-top Appurtenances on Flue Gas Flow, Egress Modelling in health Care Occupancies, Total Evac Systems for Tall Buildings Literature Review, Total evacuation systems for tall buildings, Pilot Evaluation of the Remembering When Program in Five Communities in Iowa, Aircraft Loading Walkways Literature and Information Review, Evaluating Occupant Load Factors for Ambulatory Health Care Facilities, Determining Self-Preservation Capability in Pre-School Children, Disaster Resiliency and NFPA Codes and Standards, Validation of the Fire Safety Evaluation System in the 2013 Edition of NFPA 101A, Non-Fire Hazard Provisions in NFPA Codes and Standards: A Literature Review, Fire Safety Challenges of Green Buildings, Archived reports - Building and life safety, Audible Alarm Signal Waking Effectiveness: Literature Review, Carbon Monoxide Incidents: A Review of the Data Landscape, Combustible Gas Dispersion in Residential Occupancies and Detector Location Analysis, Door Messaging Strategies: Implications for Detection and Notification, Evaluation of the Responsiveness of Occupants to Fire Alarms in Buildings: Phase 1, Review of Alarm Technologies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Populations, Smoke Detector Spacing for High Ceiling Spaces, Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Characterization: Experimental Results, Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Characterization Phase 1, Fire Alarms and People with ASD: A Literature Summary, Guidance Document: Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings, Parameters for Indirect Viewing of Visual Signals USed in Emergency Notification, Carbon Monoxide Diffusion through Porous Walls: A Critical Review of Literature and Incidents, Carbon Monoxide Toxicology: Overview of Altitude Effects on the Uptake and Dissociation of COHb and Oxygen in Human Blood, Archived reports - Detection and signaling, Electric Circuit Data Collection: An Analysis of Health Care Facilities, Fire resistance of concrete for electrical conductors, Fatal Electrical Injuries of Contract Workers, Occupational Injuries from Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events, Assessment of Hazardous Voltage/Current in Marinas, Boatyards and Floating Buildings, Emergency Response to Incident Involving Electric Vehicle Battery Hazards, Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Safety Training for Emergency Responders, Development of Fire Mitigations Solutions for PV Systems Installed on Building Roofs - Phase 1, Evaluation of Electrical Feeder and Branch Circuit Loading: Phase 1, Electronic cigarette explosions and fires, Data Assessment for Electrical Surge Protection Devices, Analytical Modeling of Pan and Oil Heating On an Electric Coil Cooktop, Development of Standardized Cooking Fires for Evaluation of Prevention Technologies, Commercial Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic System Installation Best Practices Review and All Hazard Assessment, Residential Electrical Fire Problem: The Data Landscape, NFPA 1700 Training Materials: Development of Training Materials to Support the Implementation of NFPA 1700, Guide for Structural Fire Fighting, Literature Review on Spaceport Fire Safety, An Analysis of Public Safety Call Answering and Event Processing Times, Development of real-time particulate and toxic gas sensors for firefighter health and safety, Economic Impact of Firefighter Injuries in the United States, Evaluating Data and Voice Signals in Pathway Survivable Cables for Life Safety Systems, Fire and Emergency Service Personnel Knowledge and Skills Proficiency, Incidents with Three or More Firefighter Deaths, Firefighter deaths by cause and nature of injury table, Deadliest fires with 5 or more firefighter deaths at the fire ground table, Incidents resulting in the deaths of 8 or more firefighters table, Top 10 Deadliest Wildland Firefighter Fatality Incidents table, Fireground Exposure of Firefighters A Literature Review, Flammable refrigerants firefighter training: Hazard assessment and demonstrative testing, Next Generation Smart and Connected Fire Fighter System, Public Safety Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) Compliance Training: Literature Review & Use Case Study, Review of Emergency Responder Standard Operating Procedures/Guidelines (SOP/SOG), Patterns of Female Firefighter Injuries on the Fireground, Evaluation of the Performance of Station Wear Worn under a NFPA 1971 Structural Fire Fighter Protective Ensemble, Recommendations for Developing and Implementing a Fire Service Contamination Control Campaign, Non-Destructive Assessment of Outer Shell Degradation for Firefighter Turnouts, Fire Fighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions, Developing a Research Roadmap for the Smart Fire Fighter of the Future, Evaluation and Enhancement of Fire Fighter PASS EffectivenessSection Page, Development of Permeation Test Method for Zippers and Other Closures, Evaluation of Intrinsic Safety for Emergency Responder Electronic Safety Equipment, Automotive Fire Apparatus Tire Replacement, Risk-Based Decision Support in Managing Unwanted Alarms, Impact of Fixed Fire Fighting Systems on Road Tunnel Resilience, Ventilation and Other Systems, High Hazard Flammable Trains (HHFT) On-Scene Incident Commander Field Guide, Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Emergencies On-Scene Incident Commander Field Guide, Analysis of Recruit Initial Fire Fighter Training Curricula, Using Crowdsourcing to Address Electric Vehicle Fires, Evaluation of Fire Service Training Fires, Development of an Environmental and Economic Assessment Tool (Enveco Tool) for Fire Events, Fire Based Mobile Integrated Healthcare and Community Paramedicine (MIH & CP) Data and Resources, Combustible Dust Flame Propagation and Quenching in Pipes and Ducts, Light Gas (Hydrogen) Dispersion Screening Tool, Variables Impacting the Probability and Severity of Dust Explosions in Dust Collectors, Evaluation of fire and explosion hazard of nanoparticles, Fire Hazard Assessment of Lead-Acid Batteries, Influence of particle size and moisture content of wood particulates on deflagration hazard, Vapor mitigation testing using fixed water spray system, Variables Associated with the Classification of Ammonium Nitrate | NFPA, Separation Distances in NFPA Codes and Standards, Evaluation of the Fire Hazard of ASHRAE Class A3 Refrigerants in Commercial Refrigeration Applications, Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility Fire Code Gap Analysis, Estimation of Fireball Dimensions from NFPA 68, LNG model evaluation protocol and validation database update, Hazard Assessment of Lithium Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems, Lithium ion batteries hazard and use assessment, Impact of Elevated Walkways in Storage on Sprinkler Protection - Phase 1, Impact of Home Fire Sprinkler System Requirements in California, Impact of Obstructions on Spray Sprinklers Phase I, Obstructions and Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinklers, Review of Oxygen Reduction Systems for Warehouse Storage Applications, Sprinkler Protection Guidance for Lithium-Ion Based Energy Storage Systems, Stakeholder Perceptions of Home Fire Sprinklers, Applying Reliability Based Decision Making to ITM Frequency, Storage Protection in the Presence of Horizontal Barriers or Solid Shelving Literature Review, Protection of Storage Under Sloped Ceilings, Fire Department Connection Inlet Flow Assessment, Use of Gaseous Suppression Systems in High Air Flow Environments - Phase 1, Quantification of Water Flow Data Adjustments for Sprinkler System Design, Water-Based Fire Protection System Tagging Review, Addressing the Performance of Sprinkler Systems: NFPA 25 and Other Strategies, Foam Application for High Hazard Flammable Train (HHFT) Fires, Impact of Fire Extinguisher Agents on Cultural Resource Materials, Protection of Exposed Expanded Group A Plastics, Literature Review on Hybrid Fire Suppression Systems, Evaluation of Water Additives for Fire Control, Fire ember production from wildland and structural fuels, WUI-NITY: a platform for the simulation of wildland-urban interface fire evacuation, Pathways for Building Fire Spread at the Wildland Urban Interface, A Collection of Geospatial Technological Approaches for Wildland and Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Events, Flammable refrigerants: Fire Fighter Training Material Development Workshop, NFPA Building Safety and Security Workshop, Workshop on School Safety, Codes and Security - December 2014, Preparing for Disaster: Workshop on Advancing WUI Resilience, Public Safety sUAS Compliance Training Workshop, Global Research Update: High Challenge Storage Protection, Workshop for Survey on Usage and Functionality of Smoke Alarms and CO Alarms in Households, Big Data and Fire Protection Systems Workshop, Power Over the Ethernet (PoE) Summit: Next Steps, Workshop on Energy Storage Systems and the Built Environment, Marina Shock Hazard Research Planning Workshop, Property Insurance Research Group Forum on PV Panel Fire Risk, Workshop on Smart Buildings and Fire Safety, The Next Five Years in Fire and Electrical Safety, Resiliency and Emergency Preparedness Workshop, Workshop Proceedings on Emergency Responder Vehicles, Fire Hose Workshop in Support of the Technical Committee, Competencies for Responders to Incidents of Flammable Liquids in Transport Developing a Codes and Standards Roadmap, Workshop on Key Performance Capabilities and Competencies for High Hazard Incident Commander, Workshop on International Wildfire Risk Reduction, Wildland and WUI Fire Research Planning Workshop, Wildland Urban Interface Land Use Policy Workshop, Economic Impact of Codes and Standards: A Workshop on Needs and Resources, Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and Solar Safety, Campaign for Fire Service Contamination Control, Environmental impact of fire - Research road map, WUINITY a platform for the simulation of wildlandurban interface fire evacuation, Protection of Storage Under Sloped Ceilings Phase 3, Safe Quantity of Open Medical Gas Storage in a Smoke Compartment, PPE and Fire Service Gear Cleaning Validation, Stranded Energy within Lithium-Ion Batteries, Fire Fighter Flammable Refrigerant Training, Influence of wood particulate size and moisture content on deflagration hazard, Enhancing Incident Commander Competencies for Management of Incidents Involving Pipeline and Rail Car Spills of Flammable Liquids, The Fire Protection Research Foundation's 40th Anniversary, NFPA Community Risk Assessment Pilot Project, About the NFPA Research Library and Archives, Firefighter Injuries in the United States in 2019, Large-Loss Fires in the United States in 2019, Catastrophic Fires and Explosions in the United States in 2019, Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires and Explosions by Type in 2019, Report: Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2019, Selected 2019 US Firefighter Fatality Incidents, Addressing Stranded Energy Starts with Learning More About It, 2018 Large-Loss Fires and Explosions in the United States Report, Selected 2018 US Firefighter Injury Incidents, Nonmetallic tubes: No longer a pipe dream, International: Again, Russian mall fires spark outcry, suspicion, 2018 Fire Loss in the United States report, 2018 Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires Report, Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2018, Selected 2018 US Firefighter Fatality Incidents, 2017 Catastrophic Multiple Death Fire Report, Career Firefighters Per 1,000 Population For All Career Fire Departments 2013-2015, Number of Fire Departments in the United States By Population and By State, 2012-2014.