Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). 7. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. As noted by Reinke and Herman (2002), schools tend to have personalities of their own. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. WebExamples of Socialization 1. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. The following are illustrative examples of socializing. In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. The same study of over 7000 American adults who had been home schooled also found a much greater rate of civic participation among the home schooled than in the general population. School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. WebSocialization is the process by which people learn the culture of their society (Chambliss and Eglitis 87). Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. Not all schools in Canada have top-down rule making, as described above and criticized by Raby (2005). Zero tolerance policies refer to specific code infractions that result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? How are schools teaching morality? These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972). The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. Concept in social psychology in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially The previous chapter discussed curriculum and how the content of schooling is closely associated with the social construction of what various groups (teachers, school administrators, parents) think children should be taught. Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. 2. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. In an analysis of streaming processes by province, Krahn and Taylor (2007) examined how course selection limited the post-secondary education options available to students in selected provinces. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. How did you perceive other groups? Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). WebFor example, a child whose parents value hard work may see a friends father sitting around watching television all day and begin to question the importance of work. Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. No Way! Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. Alberta Education. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. 2007; Sokal 2010) or other English-speaking nations (see Allan 1993; Butler and Christensen 2003; Carrington and Skelton 2003; Carrington, Tymms, and Merrell 2008; Martin 2003). What kinds of resources are available on their websites? Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. 1982). Sussman et al. The second dimension of socialization is moral conformity, which refers to the process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong. This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. 4. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. Standardized tests (discussed in Chapter 5) often exert considerable influence in allocating children into specific streams. Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. Give examples of how each works. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. Goths, skaters, punks, headbangers, and emos are all names given to groups that have been found within adolescent peer groups in schools, all of which are oriented around particular tastes in music and fashion. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). Skelton (2001) has noted, however, that the predominance of female teachers is not a new thing but has been the status quo since the nineteenth century. These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. In contrast, teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students also reported significantly fewer behavioural problems in their classrooms (Marzano et al. It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). Cooperating, taking turns, and practicing self-control are examples of social rules. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). While school uniforms are standard attire in the United Kingdom, they have not been adopted in most North American schools until relatively recently. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation. Schools are directly responsible for making people worthwhile in their respective societies. It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. Social control: Social institutions help to maintain stability and order within society. The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. Resistance by youth to the socialization forces of the school and its inherent power relationships can be expressed in a variety of ways. Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. In what major ways is the organization of the family different from the organization of the school? 2010). 8. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? In terms of outreach, students must participate weekly (Wednesdays between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m.) in a community volunteer activity for which they receive no payment. WebMaster the fundamentals of SPSS with this newly updated and instructive resource The newly and thoroughly revised Second Edition of SPSS Essentials delivers a comprehensive guide for students in the social sciences who wish to learn how to use the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the effective collection, management, and Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy.
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