It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. A) managed care This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. Thirst. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Sore throat. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). The heart rate slows . These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Add a comment. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). It is typically consumed in pill form. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. Fever. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Abnormal Motor Behavior. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. 2. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5.
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