[56] At least 85 such dictators were chosen over the course of the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the Second Punic War. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. He took control of the nation in 1973 after leading a coup that deposed elected leftist leader Salvador Allende. Over the course of almost 20 years, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Several dictatorships have persisted into the 21st century, particularly in Africa and Asia. The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Modern Dictatorship Countries. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. 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[93] Chiang Kai-shek continued to rule as dictator of the National government's rump state in Taiwan until his death in 1975. Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. Below are 10 African country that are still under dictatorship. A totalitarian government has "total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations". Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps are usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator, who typically handpicks these individuals to serve their posts. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. Functioning of government: 3.57. Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. Rwanda - 1994 to present - Paul Kagame. A dictator has the ability to make decisions that will have an impact on the people in many ways, and the worse part is, the people do not consent to being ruled. In the past, they wore olive-green uniforms and used military might to gain power. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. The list of Dictatorship countries in Africa includes Nigeria and Zaire. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. The 2010 version of Polity data series covers 189 countries from 1800 to 2009. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. This was replaced by a trend of developing a positive public image to maintain support among the populace and moderating rhetoric to integrate with the global community. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. Political culture: 5.00. [107] The development of the internet and digital communication in the 21st century have prompted dictatorships to shift from traditional means of control to digital ones, including the use of artificial intelligence to analyze mass communications, internet censorship to restrict the flow of information, and troll farms to manipulate public opinion. Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. [123] The form of government does not correlate with the amount of economic growth, and dictatorships on average grow at the same rate as democracies, though dictatorships have been found to have larger fluctuations. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers. [citation needed]The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word . Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. The first distinction made is whether a country has a government has legislative responsibility, i.e. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. Military dictatorship: 2. One of its most notable examples was Holodomor, where Joseph Stalin blamed the shortages of grain on "enemies of the state" who hoarded it. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Donal Blaine Aidan Cinhil Haldane, 24th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1074 to 1095. [1] A dictator may have a team of officials who advise him or her and help keep the government running, but these officials ultimately have very little control or influence. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator.Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. [1][3] Resorting to democratic concepts by Karl Popper and Joseph Schumpeter, Przeworski defended the minimalist approach, citing Popper that "the only system in which citizens can get rid of governments without bloodshed. That said, there are two important differences between dictatorships and autocracies. [43] This idea references the heavy reliance on repression of the public in order to stay in power, which creates incentives for all constituents to falsify their preferences, which does not allow for the dictator to know the genuine popular beliefs or his realistic measure of societal support. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. [126] For dictatorships, societal compliance is necessary for the ruling entity to maintain its desired order, laws, revenue, and policies. [10] Political scientist Juan Jos Linz identifies a spectrum of political systems with democracies and totalitarian regimes separated by authoritarian regimes with varied classifications of hybrid systems. If the head of state serves for life or is not popularly elected or a fixed term, then the democracy is parliamentary.[1]. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. Repression is the accumulation of state behaviors that target actors who challenge beliefs, institutions, and actions of the dictatorship. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. [148], Institutions that coerce the opposition through the use of violence may serve different roles or they may be used to counterbalance one another in order to prevent one institution from becoming too powerful. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [140] Elections are also used to control elites within the dictatorship by requiring them to compete with one another and incentivizing them to build support with the populace, allowing the most popular and most competent elites to be promoted in the regime. [127], Indoctrination is the inculcation of citizens on specific values and ideas beneficial to the dictatorships needs and desires. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. [26], A dictatorship may fall because of a military coup, foreign intervention, negotiation, or popular revolution. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian . In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. But to understand the dictatorship in Cuba . [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. Rodrigo Duterte (Philippines) Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the legally, directly-elected President of the Philippines and leading member of the PDP-Laban party. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. Equatorial Guinea. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. He was a German legislator, organizer of Nazi party and furthermore filled in as Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. [82], Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,[83] obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers.
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